Trigger Finger

Trigger Finger: Causes, Symptoms, and Evidence-Based Treatment

Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a common hand condition that causes a finger or thumb to catch, lock, or click when bending or straightening. It can be uncomfortable, frustrating, and in some cases painful—especially during gripping or repetitive hand tasks.

This article explains what trigger finger is, why it happens, and how modern, evidence-based physiotherapy can help improve symptoms and hand function.

What is trigger finger?

Trigger finger occurs when the tendon that bends the finger becomes irritated or thickened as it passes through a narrow tunnel (the tendon sheath). This irritation can restrict smooth tendon movement, causing the finger to:

• Catch or click during movement
• Lock in a bent position
• Release suddenly with a “snap”
• Feel stiff or painful, especially in the morning

The condition most commonly affects the thumb, ring finger, or middle finger.

What causes trigger finger?

Trigger finger develops when repetitive stress or inflammation affects the flexor tendon system in the hand. Contributing factors may include:

• Repetitive gripping or forceful hand use
• Manual work or tool use
• Prolonged computer or device use
• Sudden increases in hand activity
• Underlying conditions such as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis

Common symptoms of trigger finger

• Pain or tenderness at the base of the finger or thumb
• Clicking or popping sensation with movement
• Finger stiffness, particularly in the morning
• Locking or catching when straightening the finger
• Reduced grip strength or hand function

Is trigger finger serious?

Trigger finger is usually not dangerous, but untreated symptoms can worsen over time. In more advanced cases, the finger may remain locked in a bent position, significantly affecting daily activities such as typing, dressing, or gripping objects.

How is trigger finger diagnosed?

Trigger finger is typically diagnosed through a clinical assessment. Imaging such as ultrasound or X-ray is rarely required unless other conditions are suspected.

A physiotherapist or healthcare professional will assess:

• Finger movement and locking patterns
• Pain location and severity
• Grip strength and hand function
• Work, sport, and activity demands

What does the latest evidence say about treatment?

Early-stage trigger finger often responds well to conservative management. Current evidence supports a combination of activity modification, targeted exercises, and load management.

Physiotherapy management for trigger finger

1. Activity modification and load management

Reducing repetitive gripping and excessive strain allows the tendon to settle while maintaining hand function.

2. Tendon gliding exercises

Specific exercises help maintain tendon movement through the sheath and reduce stiffness:

• Gentle finger flexion and extension
• Controlled tendon gliding sequences
• Gradual return to functional gripping

3. Splinting (when appropriate)

Temporary splinting may be recommended to limit aggravating movements, particularly overnight.

4. Manual therapy and soft tissue techniques

Hands-on treatment may help reduce local irritation, improve tissue mobility, and ease pain.

5. Education and flare-up management

Understanding how trigger finger develops helps prevent recurrence and supports long-term recovery.

When are injections or surgery considered?

If conservative treatment does not provide sufficient relief, a GP or specialist may discuss options such as corticosteroid injection. Surgery is typically reserved for persistent or severe cases and is generally very effective when required.

When should you seek professional help?

You should seek assessment if:

• Your finger is locking frequently
• Pain is worsening or spreading
• Grip strength is significantly reduced
• Symptoms persist beyond a few weeks

AlphaCare Physiotherapist Advice

Trigger finger responds best to early intervention. Addressing tendon load, restoring smooth movement, and preventing ongoing irritation can often avoid the need for injections or surgery.